Instrument for use in solving fault problems



Aug. 26, 1930. E. J. STANLEY 1,773,335

INSTRUMENT FOR USE IN SOLVING FAULT PROBLEMS Filed Feb. 11, 9 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 gwwwlfot I Summi Aug. 26, 1930. E. J. STANL EY 7 INSTRUMENT FOR USE IN SOLVINQ FAULT PROBLEMS Filed Fb. 11, 1928 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Aug. 26, 1930. E. J. STANLEY 1,773,886

INSTRUMENT FOR USE IN SOLVING FAULT PROBLEMS Filed Feb. 11, 1928 3 sheets-sheet s l- STR OFF L7- Patented Au 26,1930 i nnnnsrr .r. STANLEY, or mma Mexico ms'rnummv'r non. use IN sonvrive rAuLr rnoB nMs a -reentry fiiearehmar 11, 1e2s.-=seria1 No. 252,632.

The ma mal; crane invention ism 1. w en considered with a. narration;

in solving fault problems encountered in I mining geology.

v A geological'faultis a. dislocationpof the rock structure of the earth, onefpart'beingthrust past the other, along the. line of} fracturc. fracture is known as the faultplane.

A normal fault is one where the upperpart 10 has moved downwardly'relative to the rock on the lower side. A reverse fault is one in which the opposite action has occurred.

Practically all faults are normal I faults.

I Most fault-planes have an inclination or dip. between the horizontal and the vertical.

In determining fault problems, the. dipiand strike of the vein (or bedfand the fault plane first mustbe ascertained. Thedip is the angle or inclination of a vein bed) 2 measured from the horizontal. The; strike or hearing is the direction of the-line of inter-. section of an inclined vein (or bed) with a horizontal plane. These definitions. also apply to the dip and strike of a-fault-plane.

The dip 'and strike can-be ascertained most readily by the use of "aBrimton compass,

although they may be ascertainedjalso with anordinary compassand a clinomet'er.

If the amount of movement is known, it is possible bygraphicalmethods to determine the position of the faulted portion of the vein. Such problems, however, could be solved heretofore only by mathematicians,

H and the problems were quite beyond the aver- 1 age mining man. Consequently, a great deal of useless work was'done in searching for faulted veins, and many never were located.

By meansof the instrument herein disclosed, fault problems can be solved quickly and accurately by anyone having a rudimentary knowledge of geology. The instrumeut, one small scale, actually shows the relative positions of the vein and fault-plane; it

I, affords means wherebythe line of intersection between them. which is the line at which the vein is cut off by the fault, 'can be determined; and certain of its parts actually reproduce the faulting movement and en able theuser to visualize the effect the faulting action has hadon the vein.

, Fig, 1 is a plan view,

here-in,the characteristics of the invention are 'apparent 1n the accompanying drawings,

forming part hereof, wherein an embodiment of the invention is disclosed, for purposes, ofillustrat ion.

Although the disclosures herein exemplify whatnow consideredto be a preferable embodiment of the invention, itis to be understood that it is'not the intention to be limited; It

necessarily thereto in interpretation of the claims, as modifications and adaptations. within' the limitsofthe-claims can be made without departing from the nature of the invention], I

Likereference-characters refer to o sponding parts in the views ofthedrawings,

of which Fig. 2 isa side vieW-;f

' Fig.3is a front view, part of'th-e sightv pedestalbeing omitted; 1 I

' F 1:4 isa section on the line 44, Fig. 2;

Fig 5 is a sk tch'such as may be plotted in solving a "problem with the instrument.

,The' instrument includes a flat base 6, having an upper plane surface, which is. horizontal when the instrument is in use.

tudinal axial line 7. The base has thereon an'upstanding'annular flange Scenteredin theline7o: c A circular plate .9 lies onthe base,and snugly fits, and is rotatable on, the flange 8.

Frictional contact of the plate with the flange may be relied upon to hold the plate in ad justed position,.or it may beheldby a pin 10.

The surface of the base is marked witha longi protrudable therethrough into any of .holes a mallv at the longitudinal axis 7 to 90 on each side thereof.

"A pedestal member 13 is mounted ongthe base; to turn on anaxis perpendicular thereto and concentric with the flange 8v and" the graduated plate 9., The pedestal 13'1includes an upper circular plate14 within the flange,

The plate has-thereon-a marked at its edge with a zero point 15 that may be brought into alignment with the graduated lines of the plate 9. Arms 16, fixed to, or formed integrally with, the plate 14, extend upwardly therefrom.

By means of a hinge 17, a frame 18 is mounted on the arms 16 to swing on a horizontal axis that intersects the vertical axis of rotation of the pedestal at 19. The parts so are coordinated that, when the zero point 15 of the pedestal registers with the ax al line 7 of the base, the plane of the frame and the horizontal axis of its movement are at right angles to that line. The frame is formed of opposed members 20, one of which carries a screw 21 projecting therethrough.

By suitable fastenings 22, a flat sheet E23. of celluloid or other suitable transparent material, is fixed in the frame. The sheet E23 has on its surface a graduated segment of a circle afforded by degreespaced or graduated lines E Q i. which radiate from a common center at the intersection of the axes of movement of the pedestal and frame at 19. The center or zero line is designated by a 0 at the place marked 25 in the lower part of the sheet.

A flat sheet F26, of celluloid or other suitable transparent material, substantially parallel with the sheet E23, is slidable in the frame between the members thereof, and it is held in adjusted position by the screw 21. The sheet F26 has thereon a graduated segment of a circle afforded by de- 1 gree-spaced or graduated lines F Q'T correspondinc in relative disposition to those of sheet E23, and its center or zero line is des'gnated by a 0 at the place marked 28 in ths lower part of the sheet.

If desired, a pointer-arm E29 may be mounted to swing on sheet E-23 at point 19, which is at the in ersection of the axes of movement of the pedestal and frame and at the center of the graduated circle of that sheet. A button or marker E-30 is sl dable longitudinally on arm E29. A similar pointer-arm F-31 is mounted pivotally on sheet F-26 at the center of its graduated circle, and it has a button or marker F-32 slidable longitudinally thereon. The arms E29 and F31 are mounted snugly on their pivots, and the markers E3O and F32 snugly on those arms, so that the arms and markers will remain at the places to which they are set.

A fixed pedestal 38 on the base, at a place distant from the pedestal 13, has mounted thereon an arm 34, which is swingable at 35 on an axis that is parallel w'th the axial line 7 of the base and that if extended would intersect with the point 19 at the intersection of the axes of movement of the pedestal 13 and the frame. The arm 34 carries sights 36 so positioned that the line of sight therethrough is parallel with the plane of the vein and coplanar with the axis at 35.

In using the instrument, sheet F-QG, which represents the upper or hanging-wall side of a fault that has slipped down on the under or footwall side of the fault-plane represented by the sheet EQ3, is placed on sheet E28 in such manner that any fault movement, in a plane'surface, can be reproduced, and the actual effect a fault movement has had on av vein can be deter mined by mechanical means; and the intersection of the vein w'th the fault-plane, by prolongation of the line of sights 36 to the fault-plane, can be determined.

The dip of the vein or bed (its angle of inclination measured from the horizontal) and the strike (the direction of the line of intersection of an inclined vein or bed with a horizontal plane) having been ascertained,

data is available for solving aparticular.

fault problem by use of the instrument.

It is assumed that the fixed sheet E23 represents the under or footwall side of the fault-plane: that'the movable sheet F-26 represents the upper or hanging-wall side, which has slipped down on the under side; and that the arm 3i lies in the plane of the ve n.

The strike of the vein and the strike of the fault having been ascertained, the horizontal angle between them can be calculated. The strike of thevein being taken as 0 degrees. the frame 18 is set in such position that the horizontal angle shown by the graduated circle on the plate 9 is the same as that calculated between the strikes of the vein and the fault. The vertical angle of the frame 18 then is set, by means of a protractor, at the dip or vertical angle of the fault-plane. The arm 3 1- is set, by means of a protractor, at the dip or vertical angle of the vein. Sheet F26 is placed in such position with respect to sheet E23 that their 0 points 25 and E28 and their graduated lines 24 and 27 coincide. This posit'on represents the original position before faulting occurred.

T he line of intersection of the fault-plane and the vein now can be determined by looking through the sights 36 and finding the points where sheets and I -26 are intersected by the line of sight. lVhen the pointer-arms E-29 and F-81 are not present on the instrument, the sighted intersecting points may be designated by marks made with pen or pencil on the respective sheets; and lines drawn on the respective sheets from those marks toward the point 19 to represent the line of intersection of the vein and fault-plane. The radial lines are provided on the sheets to assist in drawing the lines E'2 and F2. Nheri pointer-arms E29 and F--31 are used, those arms and the markers E30 and F'32 are moved to the sighted I placeo f intersection; and, when theinstru f ment is equipped'with'those arms and'ma'rk ers, the radial sheetsmay omit- 1 Lmpea I point ormarker E-30.

The sheet 'F- 26no'w issliddown sashes E23,- this movement representing theeavth movement during the faulting period, =As

themovementoecnrs,the point F--1 and the radial line F'-2 or the marker and the armF-31, asthe case may be, change "P0515 tion with respect to'point E-1 -and radialline E -'2'or with respect to the marker,- E-30 and the arm E-29. The final position taken is the position of the faulted portion of the vein utter the fault-movement ceased. Point.

F- 1 (or marker F-52') is the new position oft certain part of the vein that fi'ormerly the was joined at the place nepnesented'by If the amountoft-fault movement were known, thedistanoe bet-Weenthe E and F points could be cal-oulated easily. The directiontheflF line had assumed with respect to the E line is the direction acrosscut would hav'e'to be driven to encounter-the faulted portion of theve-in, If it"were desired'to mitt-he vein at the new position of the F point, the direction and distance that would have to be driven from the E point could be asceitainedneadily. For-example, theFE point might be adrift ina rich sec tion of the vein"; and, if the vein were cut oil by a f aultyirt would be desirable to get on the faulted portion of the vein atthis rich-section, which would be at the F point.

In order that the manner of .use of the instr unent maybe understood thoroughly, so-- hxtion ofproblems 'tlierewithis given by way of example, as iollow's, it understood that, when the points I l- 1 and F1 and the lines 15- 2 and F-2 are mentioned, they also may taken to indicate the markers E'3O and F-32and the arms E-.29 and F 31, re spectivelyr' I i I Example I" The vein orbed has a'fstrikeef N. iedeg;

instruinent,' this can be do'neby making a sketch, such as shown Fig. 5 ofrtli'e drawing, showing four quadrant-s, andonitlay? ing oil the bearings of thestrikesofthe vein and fault-plans. The angle; between them can becalcn-lated.

In using the instrument, the strike of the 4 vein is 'assumedto coincide with the axis of the arm atzero degrees of the graduated scale of the base, which then is lined with'its zero point in the axialline of theba's'e'. The

angle between the veinfand the fault-plane counter the .vein.

being T'Zdeg, the frame 18 carrying the sheets representing thefau lt-pla ne is swung on its vertical axis until it coincides with 77 deg. on

the graduated circle of thebase. j The dip of thefault-plane then is set by swinging frame 18011 its horizontalaxis to an angle of 450mg, thedip being to the nortlieast the setting of.

this angle being done by a semi-'ecircular pnol-v tractor graduated to degrees. Movable sheet" 'F'26,"Which represents the rock structure on the upper side ol the fault-planeyis placed uppermost. The Misset to the angle of the dip; of the vein at' G O-deg. by useof a degree-graduated protractor Sheet F 26 is placed OIlflSllQfit .insuch position that the zeropoint's and radial lines of the two, sheets coincide: The instrument thenshows the relative positionsgof the vein andfaultplane before faulting occurred and the vein 1 became di located. By sighting through the Q sights 816, points Ee-l and F-'1 are located on sheets E-'-23" and F 26, respectively.

Lines E-'-2 and F-2 are drawn from these points toward the point-19 to represent the lineof intersection of the vein and the-faultplane.

1 In the probleni under consideration, the

ing is parallel with the-dip of the fault. i To repnesentthis fault movement, the screw olding sheet l3"-26 is loosened-and the sheet is slid :downwardlyon sh eet E 23; This represents the' movement of the upper side of the.

rockustructure relative to the lower side. 1 Line F--2,J which originallycoincided with the line E-'-2,,has1noved to a new position to the right oi'line E- 2,:and'thisisthe final p0 originally had been adjacent to line E-Q. It

readilywcaniibe seenthat, if a drift had been 1:1;

sitionof the faulted portionoi": the vein -that driven along the veinto theline'E-Q and 1 i the vein then lostthrough faulting, it would be necessary to turn to the right to find the faulted portion ofthe vein. The direction of drive from point E1 to getto the final pog 1'1:

sition ofpoint F-l also could be determined.

This often'would be necessary to find certain vein that has been cut off 7 rich portions of the by a fault.v

I "Thetotal' displacement of :1 vfault often known; and, if. known,' the distance that would: have to beidriven horizontally along the fault-plane toffind the vein could be dc v termined "as'fo-llows: The distance between" the zerofipoint onsheet" E-,-23Vand the final position of the Zeropoint on sheet F2 6 is to I the horizontal distance along sheet E"-23 bev tween lineE+2 and the final position of line F'2 as the total-displacement of the fault is to the distance that must be driven to en-' The shortest horizontal distance that could be driven to out the faulted-portion of" the vein would be the hori-- zontal distance between line E2 and the final'position. of line F-2 multiplied by the fault is. normal, the direction of iaultllil sine of the horizontal angle between the strike of the vein and the strike of the faultplane.

Example I I It is assumed that the data is the same as that set forth in Example I, but a turnable graduated circle on the base, such as shown, is used, and the necessity of making a diagram, such as required in that example, is avoided.

The strike of the Vein being N. 10 deg. W., the graduated circle 9 is turned until the point of that degree on the circle coincides with the strike of the vein on the opposite side of the base from the arm 34-. This would be a rolongation of the arm 34L to the far side 0 the base. The strike of the faultplane being N. 87 deg. frame 18 would be turned on its vertical axis until it coincides with the point N. 87 deg. Vt. on the graduated circle. The dip of the vein and of the fault-plane would be set explained in Example I. By use of the movable circle, the fault plane can be set in its proper position without any calculation whatever. The results obtained by the two methods would be exactly the same.

What I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is

1. In an instrument for use in solving fault problems, two adjacent substantially parallel flat members, one slidable in its plane with respect to the other, said members being marked to show the relative positions of parts in an earth fault, and means determining a line of sight intersecting said members.

2. In an instrument for use in solving fault problems, two adjacent substantially parallel flat members, one slidable in its plane with respect to the other. said members being marked to show the relative position of parts in an earth fault, and a sight adjustable to the vertical angle of a vein whereby the line at which the vein is cut off by the fault may be determined.

3. In an instrument for use in solving fault problems, two adjacent substantially parallel flat members, one slidable in its plane with respect to the other, said members being marked to show the relative position of parts in an earth fault, and means for mounting said members for movement on substantially horizontal and vertical axes whereby they are adjustable to the horizontal angle between the strike of a vein and the faultplane and to the vertical angle of the fault plane.

l. In an instrument for use in solving fault problems, two adjacent substantially parallel flat members, one slidable in its plane with respect to the other, said members being ma rlred to show the relative positions of parts in an earth fault. means for mounting said members for movement on substantially horizontal. and vertical axes whereby they are adjustable to the horizontal angle between the strike of a vein and the fault plane and to the vertical angle of the fault plane, and a sight adjustable to the vertical angle of thevein whereby the line at which the vein is cut off by the fault may be determined.

5. In an instrument for use in solvin fault 1 D aroblems two suostantiall oarallel ad a-- l 7 L cent sheets, and means mounting said sheets to swing on axes substantially perpendicular to each other, one of said sheets being slid ably adjustable in its plane with respect to the other to represent the relative movement of earth structure during formation of a fault.

6. In an instrument for use in solving fault problems, two substantially parallel adjacent sheets, means mounting said sheets to swingvein whereby the line at which the vein is out off by the fault may be determined.

7. An instrument for use in solving fault problems comprising a base, a. frame mounted thereon swingable on axes substantially perpendicular to each other, substantially parallel sheets on said frame, usable to represent portions of an earth fault, and one slidably adjustable with respect to the other, means whereby the angle to which said frame is turned on one of its axes is indicated, an arm on said base swingable on an axis intersecting one of the axes of said frame, and asight on said arm through which points on said sheets can be observed and determining a line of sight coplanar with the axis of said arm.

8. An instrument for use in solving fault problems comprising a frame swingable on axes substantially perpendicular to each other, a sheet fixed on said frame usable to represent one side of an earth fault, a sheet substantially parallel with and slidable with respect to said fixed sheet to represent displaced structure of the fault. means whereby the angle to which said frame is turned on one of its axes is indicated, an arm swingable on an axis intersecting one of the axes of said frame, and a sight on said arm. through which points on said sheets can be observed.

9. An instrument for use in solving fault problems comprising a base member, a pedestal member turnable on said base on a substantially vertical axis, a frame swingable on said pedestal member on a substantially horizontal axis, substantially parallel sheets on said frame usable to represent portions of an earth fault and one slidably adjustable with respect to the other, there being marks on one of said members to indicate the angle to which said frame is turned on the vertical axis, an arm swingable on an axis intersecting one of said before-mentioned axes, and

axes substantially perpendicular to each other, substantially parallel sheets on said frame usable to represent portions of an earth fault and one slidably adjustable with respect to the other, means whereby the angle to which said frame is turned on one of its axes is indicated, an arm swingable on an axis in-.

tersecting the point of intersection of the frame axes, and a sight on said arm through which points on said sheets can be observed and determining a line of signt coplanar with said arm.

the axis of said arm. a a

11. An instrument for use in solving fault problems comprisinga frame swingable on axes substantially perpendicular to each 7 other, substantially parallel sheets on said frame usable to represent portions of an earth fault, one slidably adjustable with re-' spect to the other, and one having a mark at j the intersection of sa d axes, means whereby the angle to which said frame is turned on one of its axes is indicated, an arm 'swingable on an axis intersecting said mark, anda sight on said arm through which points on said sheets can be observed and determining aline of sight coplanar with the axisof-said arm. a 12. An instrument for use in solvingfault problems comprising a frame swingable on axes substantially perpendicular ,to each other, a sheet fixed to said frame usable tof represent one side of an earth fault and have 'ing thereon a mark at the intersection of'said axes, another sheet on said-frame substanly parallel with and slidable withrespectto. said fixed sheet usable to represent displaced structure of a fault and having thereon a mark for registry with said mark on saidfixedsheet, means whereby the angle to which said frame is turned on one of its axes is indicated, an arm 'swingable "on an axis intersecting said mark onsaid fixed sheet,

and a sight on said arm through which points on said sheets can be observed and determininn'fa line of sight coplanar withthe axis of 13. An instrument for use in solving fault problems comprising a frame s'wingable on axes substantially perpendicular to each I other, substantiallyparallel,sheets on'said 7 swingable over one 'ofsaid sheets, means frame usable to represent portions of an,- earth fault and one slidably adjustable with respect to the other, a" pivoted pointer-arm whereby the angle to. which said frame is turned on one of its axes is indicated, a sightarm swingable onan axis intersectingone of the axes of said frame, andja sight on gsaidsight-arm -through which pointson said sheets can be observed and determining a line of srght coplanar with the axis of said sight-arm.

f I4. .Angginstrument for use in solvingfault sotheigfa isheet fixed on said frame usable to represent one side of an earth fault, a pointerarm -pivotedatthe intersection ofsaid axes, yrswin'gable over said sheet, :anotherrsheet sub stantiallylpai'allelwith and slidable with respect to said fixed sheetusableto represent displaced structure of the fault, means whereby the angle to which said frame is turned onione of its axes is indicated, a sightaxes of said framaand a sight on said s ght-arm through which points onv said sheets can-be observed and determining a line sight coplanar with the axis said sightarm. i

prdb 'lems. comprising a frame swing-able on "axes substantially perpendicular to each :other, a sheet fixed on said frame usableto problems 1 comprising a frame swingable on axes substant ally perpendicular to each armsW-ingable onan axis intersecting one of 15. ,An instrument for use insolVing fauIt ,represent onesideofan earth fault, another 7 7 sheet substantially parallel with and slidable with vrespect tosaid fixed sheet usable to represent id splaced ,structure of the fault, a pivoted aointer-arin swingable over said slidable-s eet means whereby-the angle to which said frame is turned on one of itsaxesisindicated, a (sight-arm swingable on an --ax;is .intersecting one of the axesof said frame, and a sight on (said sight-arm through; which points :on. said sheets can be observedand de-- termining a line of sight coplanar with the raxis of said sight-"arm, 16. An instrument for use in solving fault ,problems'comprising a frame swingable on axes substantially perpendicular to eachother, a sheet fixed on said frame usable to represent one side of anearth fault, a pointeri i io swingable over said sheet, another sheet subs arm pivoted at the intersection of said axes stantially parallel with and slidable with respect to said fixed sheet usable to represent displaced structure of the fault, a pivot-ed" i a .115 sheet, means whereby the angle to which said" 2 pointer-arm swingable over said slidable frame is turned onone of its axes isindicated,

a sight arm swiiigableon anaxis intersecting one of the axes of said frame, and a sight on said sight-arm through which points on said sheets can beobserved and determining a line of'sight' coplanar withthe axis of said sightt i arm.

v17 An instrument foruse in solving fault problems comprising a frame swingable' on axes substantially perpendicular to each other, substantially parallel sheets on-said frame usable to represent portions of an earth fault and one slidably adjustable with respect 'to tl e', other, pivoted pointer-arm swingable over one of said sheets, a point-marker slidable on said arm, means whereby the angle to which said frame is turned on one of its axes is indicated, a sight-arm swingable on an axis intersecting one of the axes of said frame, and a sight on said sight-arm through which points on said sheets can be observed and determining a line of sight coplanar with the axis of said sight-arm.

m 18. An instrument for use in solving fault problems comprising a base, a pedestal turnable on said base on substantially vertical axis, a degree-'inarked member turnable on the axis of said pedestal, a frame on said pedestal swingable on a substantially horizontal axis, substantially parallel sheets on said frame usable to represent portions of an earth fault and one slidably adjustable with respect to the other, an arm mounted on said base swingable on an axis intersecting that of said pedestal, and a sight on said arm through which points on said sheets can be observed and determining a line of sight coplanar with the axis of said arm.

19. An instrument for use in solving fault problems comprising a base, a pedestal turnable on said base on a substantially vertical axis, a. degree-marked member turnable on the axis of said pedestal, means whereby said member is fixed with respect to said base, a frame on said pedestal swingable on a substantially horizontal axis, substantially parallel sheets on said frame usable to represent portions of an earth fault and one slid-ably 5 adjustable with respect to the other, an arm mounted on said base swingable on an axis intersecting that of said pedestal, and a sight on said arm through which points on said sheets can be observed and determining a line of sight coplanar with the axis of said arm.

In testimony whereof I aflix my signature.

ERNEST J. STANLEY. 

